Dental plaque found in ancient Neanderthal remains in El Sidrón Cave, Spain, has provided further insights into our nearest relatives’ behavior, diet, and knowledge of medicinal plants.
Dental plaque can trap microorganisms that live in the mouth, food particles, and pathogens found in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, preserving DNA for thousands of years.
The Neanderthal whose remains were studied displayed evidence of a dental abscess, as could be seen through observation of the fossilized jawbone. Remnants of an intestinal parasite that causes severe diarrhea were evident as well. However, poplar, which contains salicylic acid (a painkiller), and antibiotic mold (Penicillium) were also found in this ill Neanderthal’s system. This finding seems to indicate that Neanderthals had knowledge of the medicinal qualities of plants. The use of antibiotics predates the development of penicillin by 40,000 years.
When you combine this new information with other findings, Neanderthals appear to have been much more sophisticated than we modern humans have given them credit for. They also decorated their abodes with cave art, buried their dead, and evidence points to them being the first jewelers. Yes, they may have engaged in cannibalism, too, but no one’s perfect.
A little dental plaque can go a long way, providing a window into the Neanderthal lifestyle—their diet, health, and environmental influences on their behavior. In addition, the evolution of oral microorganisms can be charted, and there’s been notable change from ancient Neanderthals to modern humans. Something to think about the next time you’re snacking.